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Poor Plebs


  • how do you keep the plebs happy (or at least keep them from revolting)?
  • the poet Juvenal said Rome "anxiously hopes for two things bread and circuses"
  • bread (free grain from state) and entertainment ( Circus Maximus, Colosseum) partly to keep them alive, and partly to keep them quiet, distracted, and docile
  • Tiberius Gracchus recognized the advantages of courting the plebeians (even though he was ultimately unsuccessful) 
  • military generals worked that angle- lead an army that conquers a land, then give them a share in the spoils.
  • Soldier's loyalty was to their military leader not necessarily to Rome or the Republic.
  • Julius Caesar (100- 44 BCE)
  • Highly successful general
  • he conquered the huge territory of Gaul
  • made common folks happy
  • made friends in high places
  • Pompey ( a general who conquered Syria and Palestine)
  • Crassus (richest man in Rome, one of the richest men in all history)
  • these three men formed the first Triumvirate "rule of 3 men"
  • "Crossing the Rubicon" - crossing the point of no return
  • serves as consul (one year)
  • appoints himself governor of Gaul
  • Pompey is jealous, becomes his rival
    • Caesar's armies clash with Pompey's in Greece, Asia, Spain, and Egypt 
      • Caesar winning!
  • in 44 BC he is named dictator - first for six months, then for life

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